DeepSeek Elastic Compute (DSec)：大规模智能体训练的弹性沙箱基础设施

Authors:Jialiang Huang, Hongxuan Tang, Jingchang Chen, Yuxuan Liu, Yixiao Chen, Yuan Cheng, Yi Tao, Jingli Zhou, Yupeng Chen, Haoyu Chen, Jiarui Wang, Shengkai Lin, Chuqi Zhang, Bryan Lee Teng, Lian Guo, Zhe Fu, Wenjun Gao, Yisong Wang, Liang Zhao, Zehao Wang, Ziwei Xie, Yongqiang Guo, Peixin Cong, Ziyi Gao, Shuiping Yu, Hanwei Xu, Zuofan Wu, Zhizhou Ren, Yuyang Zhou, Bowei Zhang, Zhihuan Huang, Qihao Zhu, Lei Wang, Tianle Lin, Han Yu, Jiewen Hu, Dejian Yang, Shuo Yang, Shanghao Lu, Shaoyuan Chen, Junjie Qiu, Zhangli Sha, Yinmin Zhong, Yongtong Wu, Shiyu Wang, Wei Liu, Bingzheng Xu, Longhao Chen, Qiushi Du, Yuzhen Huang, Shirong Ma, Yaohui Wang, Mingshu Chen, Tongrui Xiong, Y.C. Yan, Haowen Luo, Haofen Liang, Xiaokang Zhang, Weihao Zeng, Runxin Xu, Peiyi Wang, Jinhua Zhu, Ruoyu Zhang, Wenkai Yang, Qi Tang, Jiping Yu, Tian Ye, Ruizhe Pan, Honghui Ding, Xiaodong Liu, Lingxiao Luo, Zhihong Shao, Yuhan Wu, Jibai Lu, Wen Liu, Haoling Zhang, Jingcheng Hu, Yaoyang Ye, Chaofan Lin, Zhaochen Zhang, Jianan Tong, Hengxu Wu, Zhihao Li, Yicheng Wang, Luyao Wang, Yuzhuo Bai, Lingyue Fu, Ruifan Xu, Y.Z. Wang, Zonglin Li, Mingqi Wei, Haiyang Shen, Chengyuan Zhang, Chao Jin, Zili Zhang, R.H. Yang, Xinbo Xu, Jian Zhou, Ruidong Zhu, Yuzhe Guo

et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

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Abstract:Large-scale agentic training and evaluation with large language models (LLMs) rely on isolated, stateful execution environments in which models inspect repositories, invoke tools, execute commands, and interact with task-specific services. These workloads create sandboxes in large bursts, span heterogeneous functionality and isolation requirements, retain state across long interactions, and draw from large image corpora with limited reuse. Supporting them therefore requires an elastic execution platform rather than a single sandbox runtime.
This report presents DeepSeek Elastic Compute (DSec), a production sandbox platform that exposes FnCall, container, microVM, and full-VM sandbox backends through a unified SDK. DSec coordinates placement and lifecycle management across the cluster, composes environments from independently versioned layers, combines memory sharing, reclamation, and CPU scheduling for high-density execution, and loads image data on demand from Fire-Flyer File System (3FS), a cluster-wide distributed filesystem. DSec is co-designed with the reinforcement learning (RL) framework, decouples stateful rollout execution from preemptible GPU training, coordinates sandbox lifecycle with training to preserve rollout state while reclaiming idle resources, and mitigates agent misbehavior such as reward hacking.
A single production-scale unit of DSec spans around 160 nodes, serving about 3 million sandboxes per day; in production, it supports over 380,000 concurrent sandboxes and sustains over 5,000 sandbox creations per second. Our evaluation and deployment experience show that these mechanisms reduce environment setup and image-distribution overhead, improve memory efficiency, and preserve latency-sensitive performance under high-density overcommit.

Submission history

From: Wenfeng Liang [view email]
[v1] Sat, 19 Sep 2026 12:20:26 UTC (504 KB)